Coastal barriers
Index
The coastal barriers of the Venetian Lagoon are narrow sandy strips that separate the lagoon from the Adriatic Sea. These environments, shaped by sands and sediment deposits accumulated through the combined action of tides, currents and wind, stretch along the coastline and include the shores of Cavallino-Treporti, Lido and Pellestrina. In addition to playing an essential role in protecting the lagoon from storm surges and erosion, they host habitats of high ecological and landscape value.
From a geomorphological perspective, the coastal barriers consist of sandy beaches, dunes, interdunal depressions and backdune areas, all modelled by the action of wind and waves. The dunes, in particular, are a key element in coastal stability, acting as a natural barrier against sea encroachment and providing an ideal substrate for the growth of specialised vegetation. The backdune areas, characterised by more compact and organic soils, include a variety of habitats ranging from grass and shrub-covered meadows to wooded areas with evergreen species. However, these systems are extremely fragile and prone to erosion, worsened both by climate change and human activities such as the construction of tourist infrastructure and uncontrolled foot traffic.
From an ecological standpoint, the coastal barriers host flora and fauna highly adapted to extreme environmental conditions. Among the most characteristic plant species are Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) and Elymus farctus (sea couch grass), which help stabilise the dunes through their deep root systems. These areas also provide valuable habitats for many migratory and nesting bird species, such as the Kentish plover, which find shelter in less disturbed zones. Reptiles, insects and small mammals also inhabit these environments, creating a dynamic and diverse ecosystem.
From a human perspective, the coastal barriers of the Venetian Lagoon have been used for centuries for fishing, agriculture and, more recently, seaside tourism. Places such as Lido and Cavallino-Treporti are now well-known tourist destinations, with bathing establishments and accommodation facilities that attract visitors during the summer season. However, the increasing tourism pressure and urban development have affected the balance of some coastal sections, reducing biodiversity and accelerating erosion processes. To counter these effects, various protective measures have been implemented, including breakwaters, artificial beach nourishment and dune restoration projects.